JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
Integrity Research Journals
ISSN: 2536-7099
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/JASVM
Start Year: 2016
Email: jasvm@integrityresjournals.org
Probiotics supplementation supports gut health, performance, and immune response in poultry coccidiosis
https://doi.org/10.31248/JASVM2024.478 | Article Number: FE4B6A421 | Vol.9 (6) - December 2024
Received Date: 31 August 2024 | Accepted Date: 22 October 2024 | Published Date: 30 December 2024
Authors: Ogwiji, Matthew* , Jatau, Isa Danladi , Hyelavala, Fomnya Joseph and Ebierefa, Apollos
Keywords: probiotics, Anticoccidial agent, dietary supplement, natural growth promoter, poultry health
Coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease that consistently jeopardizes optimal productivity and the potential of the poultry industry worldwide. It substantially affects profitability causing losses estimated to be over USD 14 billion annually. To mitigate its impact, various research efforts have explored different control strategies, including the use of probiotics and other dietary supplements. This article provides a comprehensive review of how probiotics influence bird performance, gut health, management practices, and the immune response to this debilitating disease. Evidence suggests that probiotics enhance the efficacy of anticoccidial agents and offer a promising alternative to the use of synthetic compounds as growth promoters in poultry production. Their role has become increasingly important, especially in light of rising resistance to conventional anticoccidial drugs, concerns over drug residues in poultry products, and its implication for public health. As a result, probiotics are rapidly gaining acceptance as growth promoters, thus replacing synthetic drugs in the poultry industry.
| Abd El-Ghany, W. A. (2021). Intervention strategies for controlling poultry coccidiosis: Current knowledge. Journal of World's Poultry Research, 11(4), 487-505. https://doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2021.58 |
||||
| Abd El‐Hack, M. E., El‐Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Qattan, S. Y. A., Batiha, G. E., Khafaga, A. F., & Alagawany, M. (2020). Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6), 1835-1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13454 |
||||
| Abd El-Moneim, E. A., El-Wardany, I., Abu-Taleb, A. M., Wakwak, M. M., Ebeid, T. A., & Saleh, A. A. (2020). Assessment of in ovo administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum on performance, ileal histomorphometry, blood hematological, and biochemical parameters of broilers. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 12(2), 439-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-019-09549-2 |
||||
| Abdel-Raheem, S., Abd-Allah, S., & Hassanein, K. (2012). Effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbial ecology and histomorphology of broiler chickens. International Journal of Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences, 6(4), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijavms.156 |
||||
| Abdelrazek, Y., Desouky, M. A. M., Khaled, S., Nagwa, M., Elhawary, N., & Ibrahim, A. (2020). Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant drug synergizing the effect of Eimeria tenella lab-made vaccine: An experimental trial. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 14(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2020.54.60 |
||||
| Abu-Akkada, S. S., & Awad, A. M. (2015). Protective effects of probiotics and prebiotics on Eimeria tenella-infected broiler chickens. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 35(4), 446-450. | ||||
| Abudabos, A. M., Alyemni, A. H., Swilam, E. O., & Al-Ghadi, M. Q. (2017). Comparative anticoccidial effects of some natural products against Eimeria spp. infection on performance traits, intestinal lesion, and oocyst numbers in broilers. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49(6), 1989-1995. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.6.1989.1995 |
||||
| Adamu, M., Chaiwat, B., Nirat, G., & Montakan, V. (2013). Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes caused by coccidiosis in chickens. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science, 47(2), 238-246. | ||||
| Adewole, S. O. (2012). The efficacy of drugs in the treatment of coccidiosis in chicken in selected poultries. Academic Research International, 2(1), 20-24. | ||||
| Adhikari, P., Kiess, A., Adhikari, R., & Jha, R. (2020). An approach to alternative strategies for controlling avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 29(3), 515-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.005 |
||||
| Afsharmanesh, M., & Sadaghi, B. (2014). Effects of dietary alternatives (probiotic, green tea powder and Kombucha tea) as antimicrobial growth promoters on growth, ileal nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and immune response of broiler chickens. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 23(3), 717-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1676-x |
||||
| Ajanya, B. U., Attah, F., Mahmud, M. E., Owolabi, B. I., Adetoro, R. O., Adeniyi, K. A., & Oyibo-Usman, K. A. (2018). Therapeutic potency of probiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites. Journal of Public Health and Diseases, 1(2), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.31248/JPHD2018.011 |
||||
| Ajuwon, K. M. (2016). Toward a better understanding of the mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics action in poultry species. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 25(2), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv074 |
||||
| Al-Khalaifah, H. S. (2018). Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Poultry Science, 97(11), 3807-3815. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey160 |
||||
| Aluwong, T., Kawu, M., Raji, M., Dzenda, T., Govwang, F., Sinkalu, V. and Ayo, J. (2013). Effect of yeast probiotic on growth, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde concentration of broiler chickens. Antioxidants, 2, 326-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2040326 |
||||
| Anas, M., Rizwan, H. M., & Kasib, M. (2018). Probiotic role in control of coccidiosis in poultry industry. Journal of Veterinary Science Research, 3(1), 000152. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000152 |
||||
| Apata, D. F. (2008). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(7), 1253-1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3214 |
||||
| Arabkhazaeli, F., Modrisanei, M., Nabian, S., Mansoori, B., & Madani, A. (2013). Evaluating the resistance of Eimeria spp. field isolates to anticoccidial drugs using three different indices. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 8(3), 234-241. | ||||
| Awad, W. A., Ghareeb, K., Abdel-Raheem, S., & Bohm, J. (2009). Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotics and symbiotics on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00244 |
||||
| Awais, M. A., Jamal, M. A., Akhtar, M., Hameed, M. A., Anwar, M. I., & Ullah, M. I. (2019). Immunomodulatory and ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces-based probiotics on pathological effects of Eimeriasis in broilers. Microbial Pathogenesis, 126, 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.038 |
||||
| Aziz, S., Yan, W., Jing, S., Hang, Z., Nianzhen, L., Hengyong, X., Qing, Z., & Yiping, L. (2017). Effect of probiotics on meat flavour and gut microbiota of chicken. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 6400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06677-z |
||||
| Backhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005). Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science, 307(5717), 1915-1920. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104816 |
||||
| Bai, S., Wu, A., Zhang, K., Ding, X., Lei, Y., Bai, J., & Peng, H. (2013). Effects of probiotics-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. Poultry Science, 92(3), 665-673. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02813 |
||||
| Bansal, G. R., Singh, V. P., & Sachan, N. (2011). Effect of probiotic supplementation on the performance of broilers. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 5(5), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2011.277.284 |
||||
| Biggs, P., & Parsons, C. M. (2008). The effects of probiotic on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. Poultry Science, 87, 1796-1803. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00450 |
||||
| Blake, D. P., Knox, J., Dehaeck, B., Huntington, B., Rathinam, T., Ravipati, V., Ayoade, S., Gilbert, W., Adebambo, A.O., Jatau, I. D., & Tomley, F. M. (2020). Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens. Veterinary Research, 51, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-020-00837-2 |
||||
| Blake, D. P., & Tomley, F. M. (2014). Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology, 30(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003 |
||||
| Behnamifar, A. R., Rahimi, S., Kiaei, M. M., & Fayazi, H. (2019). Comparison of the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, salinomycin, and vaccine in control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20(1), 51-54. | ||||
| Belih, S. S., Labib, Z. M., and Ragab, A. M. (2015). Role of Saltose Probiotic for the control of the experimental infection of Clostridium perfringens and the coccidia in chickens. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 46, 20-41. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.188631 |
||||
| Bhogoju, S., & Nahashon, S. (2022). Recent advances in probiotic application in animal health and nutrition: A review. Agriculture, 12(2), 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020304 |
||||
| Bortoluzzi, C., Serpa Vieira, B., de Paula Dorigam, J. C., Menconi, A., Sokale, A., Doranalli, K., & Applegate, T. J. (2019). Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 supplementation attenuates the effects of Clostridium perfringens challenge on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. Microorganisms, 7(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030071 |
||||
| Birhan, M. (2019). Systematic review on avian immune systems. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, 9(5), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.jlsb23 |
||||
| Bozkurt, M., Aysul, N., Kucukyilmaz, K., Aypak, S., Ege, G., Catli, A. U., Aksit, H., Coven, F., Seyrek, K., & Cinar, M. (2014). Efficacy of in-feed preparations of an anticoccidial, multienzyme, prebiotic, probiotic, and herbal essential oil mixture in healthy and Eimeria spp.-infected broilers. Poultry Science, 93(2), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03368 |
||||
| Bould, J. G., Elsheikha, H. M., & Morsy, T. A. (2009). Avian coccidiosis: The basic pathology to control. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 39(1), 85-98. | ||||
| Brisbin, J. T., Gong, J., Parvizi, P., & Sharif, S. (2011). Effects of Lactobacilli on cytokine expression by chicken spleen and cecal tonsil cells. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 17(9), 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00143-10 |
||||
| Broom, L. J., & Kogut, M. H. (2018). Gut immunity: its development and reasons and opportunities for modulation in monogastric production animals. Animal Health Research Reviews, 19(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252318000026 |
||||
| Burrell, A., Tomley, F. M., Vaughan, S., & Marugan-Hernandez, V. (2019). Life cycle stages, specific organelles, and invasion mechanisms of Eimeria species. Parasitology, 146(1), 1-16. | ||||
| Cai, H., Luo, S., Liu, Q., Zhou, Q., Yan, Z., Kang, Z., Liao, S., Li, J., Lv, M., Lin, X., Hu, J., Yu, S., Zhang, J., Qi, N., & Sun, M. (2023). Effects of a complex probiotic preparation, Fengqiang Shengtai, and coccidiosis vaccine on the performance and intestinal microbiota of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. Parasites & Vectors, 16, Article number 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05855-5 |
||||
| Cao, G. T., Zeng, X. F., Chen, A. G., Zhou, L., Zhang, L., Xiao, Y. P., & Yang, C. M. (2013). Effects of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Poultry Science, 92, 2949-2955 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03366 |
||||
| Chaudhari, A. A., Lee, Y., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2020). Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus strains on growth performance and gut health in chickens with mixed coccidiosis infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 277, Article number 109009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109009 |
||||
| Chen, C. Y., Chuang, L. T., Chiang, Y. C., Lin, C. L., Lien, Y. Y., & Tsen, H. Y. (2016). Use of a probiotic to ameliorate the growth rate and the inflammation of broiler chickens caused by Eimeria tenella infection. Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition, 1(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-5459.100010 |
||||
| Chen, H., Zhao, X., Zhao, G., Huang, H., Li, H., Shi, C., Yang, W., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., Ye, L., Zhao, Q., Wang, C., & Yang, G. (2020). Dissection of the cecal microbial community in chickens after Eimeria tenella infection. Parasites & Vectors, 13, Article number 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3897-6 |
||||
| Chih-Yuan, C., Li-Tsen, C., Yue-Cheng, C., Chun-Li, L., Yi-Yang, L., & Hau-Yang, T. (2016). Use of a probiotic to ameliorate the growth rate and the inflammation of broiler chickens caused by Eimeria tenella infection. Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition, 1(2), 1-7. | ||||
| Cox, C. M., & Dalloul, R. A. (2015). Immunomodulatory role of probiotics in poultry and potential in ovo application. Beneficial Microbes, 6(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2014.0062 |
||||
| Dalloul, R. A., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2005). Recent advances in immunomodulation and vaccination strategies against coccidiosis. Avian Diseases, 49(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1637/7306-11150R |
||||
| Dalloul, R. A., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2006). Poultry coccidiosis: Recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines, 5(1), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.5.1.143 |
||||
| Dalloul, R. A., Lillehoj, H. S., Shellem, T. A., & Doerr, J. A. (2003). Enhanced mucosa l immunity against Eimeria acervulina in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Poultry Science, 82(1), 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.1.62 |
||||
| Dalloul, R. A., Lillehoj, H. S., Tamim, N. M., Shellem, T. A., & Doerr, J. A. (2005). Induction of local protective immunity to Eimeria acervulina by a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases, 28(5-6), 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2005.09.001 |
||||
| Dantán-González, E., Quiroz-Castañeda, R. E., Cobaxin-Cárdenas, M. (2015). Impact of Meyerozyma guilliermondii isolated from chickens against Eimeria sp. protozoan, an in vitro analysis. BMC Veterinary Research, 11, Article number 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0589-0 |
||||
| Daskiran, M., Onol, A., Cengiz, O., Unsal, H., Turkyilmaz, S., Tatli, O., & Sevim, O. (2012). Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of male broiler chickens exposed to posthatch holding time. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 21(3), 612-622. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00512 |
||||
| Dersjant-Li, Y., Gibbs, K., Awati, A., & Klasing, K. C. (2016). The effects of enzymes and direct-fed microbial combinations on performance and immune response of broilers under a coccidia challenge. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, 4, e6. https://doi.org/10.1017/jan.2016.2 |
||||
| Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017): The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterology Clinical Journal of North America, 46, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007 |
||||
| Doron, S., & Snydman, D. (2015). Risk and safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(Suppl. 2), S129-S134. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ085 |
||||
| El Jeni, R., Dittoe, D. K., Olson, E. G., Lourenco, J., Corcionivoschi, N., Ricke, S. C., & Callaway, T. R. (2021). Probiotics and potential applications for alternative poultry production systems. Poultry science, 100(7), 101156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101156 |
||||
| El-Far, A. H., & Abdou, H. M. (2014). The role of nitric oxide in poultry immunity. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 5(1), 21-31. | ||||
| Elkhouly, A. M., Khairy, H. M., Abd-El Alim, A. F., & Ali, A. M. (2016). Effect of phytobiotics, probiotics, and toltrazuril on chicken coccidiosis. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 44(3), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2016.7875 |
||||
| El-Shall, N. A., El-Naggar, K., El-Kasrawy, N. I., Elblehi, S. S., Albadrani, G. M., Al-Ghadi, M. Q., & Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2024). The anticoccidial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the live coccidia vaccine and the subsequent influence on poultry performance post-challenge with mixed Eimeria species. Poultry Science, 103(12), 104283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104283 |
||||
| El-Shall, N. A., M. E. Abd El-Hack, N. M., Albaqami, A. F., Khafaga, A. E., Taha, A. A., Swelum, M. T. El-Saadony, H. M., Salem, A. M., El-Tahan, S. F., AbuQamar, K. A., and A. R. Elbestawy. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: a review. Poultry Science, 101, 101542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101542 |
||||
| Elmusharaf, M. A., Peek, H. W., Nollet, L., & Beynen, A. C. (2007). The effect of an in-feed mannanoligosaccharide preparation (MOS) on a coccidiosis infection in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134, 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.022 |
||||
| El-Sawah, A. A., Aboelhadid, S. M., El-Nahass, E. N., Helal, H. E., Korany, A. M., & El-Ashram, S. (2020). Efficacy of probiotic Enterococcus faecium in combination with diclazuril against coccidiosis in experimentally infected broilers. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 129(4), 1020-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14691 |
||||
| Erdogmus, S. Z., Gulmez, N., Findik, A., Şah, H., & Gulmez, M. (2019). Efficacy of probiotics on health status and growth performance of Eimeria tenella-infected broiler chickens. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 25(3), 311-320. | ||||
| Farnell, M. B., Donoghue, A. M., De Los Santos, F. S., Blore, P. J., Hargis, B. M., Tellez, G., & Donoghue, D. J. (2006). Upregulation of oxidative burst and degranulation in chicken heterophils stimulated with probiotic bacteria. Poultry Science, 85, 1900-1906. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.11.1900 |
||||
| Fatoba, J. A., & Adeleke, M. A. (2018). Diagnosis and control of chicken coccidiosis: A recent update. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 42(4), 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-018-1048-1 |
||||
| Ferreira, C. L., Salminen, S., Lukasz, G., Brizuela, M. A., Sanchez, L., Carneiro, H., & Bonnet, M. (2011). Terminology concepts of probiotics and prebiotics and their role in human and animal health. Revista de Salud Animal, 33, 137-146. | ||||
| Fesseha, H. (2019). Probiotics and its potential role in poultry production: A review. Veterinary Medicine Open Journal, 4(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-4-138 |
||||
| Fong, F. L. Y., Shah, N. P., Kirjavainen, P., & El-Nezami, H. (2016). Mechanism of action of probiotic bacteria on intestinal and systemic immunities and antigen-presenting cells. International Reviews of Immunology, 35, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2015.1096937 |
||||
| Fontana, L., Bermudez-Brito, M., Plaza-Diaz, J., Munoz-Quezada, S., & Gil, A. (2013). Sources, isolation, characterization, and evaluation of probiotics. British Journal of Nutrition, 109(S1), S35-S50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512004011 |
||||
| Forkus, B., Ritter, S., Vlysidis, M., Geldart, K., & Kaznessis, Y. N. (2017). Antimicrobial probiotics reduce Salmonella enterica in turkey gastrointestinal tracts. Scientific Reports, 7, 40695. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40695 |
||||
| Gadde, U., Kim, W. H., Oh, S. T., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2017). Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: A review. Animal Health Research Reviews, 18(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252316000207 |
||||
| Geetha, M., & Palanivel, K. M. (2018). A review on poultry coccidiosis. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(6), 3345-3349. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.392 |
||||
| Getabalew, M., Alemneh, T., & Zewdie, D. (2020). Overview on probiotics and their impact in commercial poultry production. Microbiology Research International, 8(2), 43-55. | ||||
| Ghareeb, K., Awad, W. A., Mohnl, M., Porta, R., Biarnés, M., Böhm, J., & Schatzmayr, G. (2012). Evaluating the efficacy of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 91(8), 1825-1832. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02168 |
||||
| Giannenas, I., Papadopoulos, E., Tsalie, E., Triantafillou, E., Henikl, S., Teichmann, K., & Tontis, D. (2012). Assessment of dietary supplementation with probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology, and microflora of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology, 188(1-2), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.017 |
||||
| Gómez-Verduzco, G., Cortes-Cuevas, A., López-Coello, C., Ávila-González, E., & Nava, G. M. (2009). Dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide enhances neonatal immune responses in chickens during natural exposure to Eimeria spp. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 51, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-51-11 |
||||
| Guo, S., Xi, Y., Xia, Y., Wu, T., Zhao, D., Zhang, Z., et al. (2021). Dietary Lactobacillus fermentum and Bacillus coagulans supplementation modulates intestinal immunity and microbiota of broiler chickens challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 680742. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.680742 |
||||
| Haghighi, H. R., Gong, J., Gyles, C. L., Hayes, M. A., Sanei, B., Parvizi, P., Gisavi, H., Chambers, J. R., & Sharif, S. (2005). Modulation of antibody-mediated immune response by probiotics in chickens. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12, 1387-1392. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.12.1387-1392.2005 |
||||
| Haghighi, H. R., Gong, J., Gyles, C. L., Hayes, M. A., Zhou, H., Sanei, B., Chambers, J. R., & Sharif, S. (2006). Probiotics stimulate production of natural antibodies in chickens. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 13, 975-980. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00161-06 |
||||
| Harmon, B. G. (1998). Avian heterophils in inflammation and disease resistance. Poultry Science, 77, 972-977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.7.972 |
||||
| Hayajneh, F. M., Jalal, M. A., Zakaria, H., & Abdelquader, A. (2018). Anticoccidial effect of apple cider vinegar on broiler chicken: An organic treatment to measure antioxidant effect. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 21, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.24425/122605 |
||||
| Hessenberger, S., Schatzmayr, G., & Teichmann, K. (2016). In vitro inhibition of Eimeria tenella sporozoite invasion into host cells by probiotics. Veterinary Parasitology, 229, 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.001 |
||||
| Huyghebaert, G., Ducatelle, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2011). An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. The Veterinary Journal, 187(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.003 |
||||
| Ignatova, M., Sredkova, V., & Marasheva, V. (2009). Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic on chicken performance and some blood indices. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25, 1079-1085. | ||||
| Jatau, I. D., Adamu, S., Yusuf, K. H., Okubanjo, O. O., Natala, A. J., & Lawal, A. I. (2016). Prevalence and identification of Eimeria species in turkeys raised under different management systems in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Nigerian Poultry Science Journal, 12(1), 35-39. | ||||
| Jayaraman, S., Thangavel, G., Kurian, H., Mani, R., Mukkalil, R., & Chirakkal, H. (2013). Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves intestinal health of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 4750-4758. | ||||
| Kabir, S. M. L., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. B., Rahman, M. M., & Ahmed, S. U. (2004). The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3(5), 361-364. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.361.364 |
||||
| Kadykalo, S., Roberts, T., Thompson, M., Wilson, J., Lang, M., & Espeisse, O. (2017). The value of anticoccidials for sustainable global poultry production. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 51 3, 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.004 |
||||
| Karimi Torshizi, M. A., Moghaddam, A. R., Rahimi, S. H., & Mojgani, N. (2010). Assessing the effect of administering probiotics in water or as a feed supplement on broiler performance and immune response. British Poultry Science, 51(2), 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071661003753756 |
||||
| Khaksefidi, A., & Ghoorchi, T. (2006). Effect of probiotic on performance and immunocompetence in broker chicks. Journal of Poultry Science, 43, 296-300. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.43.296 |
||||
| Khan, M., Anjum, A. A., Nawaz, M., Awan, A. R., & Ali, M. A. (2019). Effect of newly characterized probiotic Lactobacilli on weight gain, immunomodulation, and gut microbiota of Campylobacter jejuni-challenged broiler chicken. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 39(4), 473-478. https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2019.051 |
||||
| Khochamit, N., Siripornadulsil, S., Sukon, P., & Siripornadulsil, W. (2015). Antibacterial activity and genotypic-phenotypic characteristics of bacteriocin-producing Bacillus subtilis KKU213: Potential as a probiotic strain. Microbiological Research, 170, 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2014.09.004 |
||||
| Klose, V., Mohnl, M., Plail, R., Schatzmayr, G., & Loibner, A. P. (2006). Development of a competitive exclusion product for poultry meeting the regulatory requirements for registration in the European Union. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 50(6), 563-567. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500166 |
||||
| Krysiak, K., Konkol, D., & Korczy 'nski, M. (2021). Overview of the Use of Probiotics in Poultry Production. Animals, 11, 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061620 |
||||
| Kuttappan, V., Berghman, L., Vicuna, E., Latorre, J., Menconi, A., Wolchok, J., Wolfenden, A., Faulkner, O., Tellez, G., Hargis, B., & Bielke, L. R. (2015). Poultry enteric inflammation model with dextran sodium sulfate mediated chemical induction and feed restriction in broilers. Poultry Science, 94(6), 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev114 |
||||
| Lee, K.W., Lillehoj, H. S., Jang, S. I., & Lee, S.-H. (2014). Effects of salinomycin and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 97(2), 304-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.021 |
||||
| Lee, K. W., Lillehoj, H. S., Jang, S. I., Li, G., Lee, S. H., Lillehoj, E. P., & Siragusa, G. R. (2010). Effect of Bacillus-based direct-fed microbials on Eimeria maxima infection in broiler chickens. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 33, e105-e110). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.001 |
||||
| Lee, S. H., Lillehoj, H. S., Dalloul, R. A., Park, D. W., Hong, Y. H., & Lin, J. J. (2007a). Influence of Pediococcus-based probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 86, 63-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.1.63 |
||||
| Lee, S. H., Lillehoj, H. S., Park, D. W., Hong, Y. H., & Lin, J. J. (2007b). Effects of Pediococcus-based probiotic (MitoMax®) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 30, 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2007.02.002 |
||||
| Lei, K., Li, Y. L., Yu, D. Y., Rajput, I. R., & Li, W. F. (2013). Influence of dietary inclusion of Bacillus licheniformis on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal barrier function of laying hens. Poultry Science, 92(9), 2389-2395. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02686 |
||||
| Li, C., Yan, X., Lillehoj, H. S., Oh, S., Liu, L., Sun, Z., Gu, C., Lee, Y., Xianyu, Z., & Zhao, H. (2019). Eimeria maxima-induced transcriptional changes in the cecal mucosa of broiler chickens. Parasites & Vectors, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3534-4 |
||||
| Lu, C., Yan, Y., Jian, F., & Ning, C. (2021). Coccidia-microbiota interactions and their effects on the host. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, Article 751481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.751481 |
||||
| Macdonald, S. E., Nolan, M. J., Harman, K., Boulton, K., Hume, D. A., Tomley, F. M., et al. (2017). Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on chicken caecal microbiome diversity, exploring variation associated with severity of pathology. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184890. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184890 |
||||
| Mace, O. J., & Marshall, F. (2013). Digestive physiology of the pig symposium: Gut chemosensing and the regulation of nutrient absorption and energy supply. Journal of Animal Science, 91(5), 1932-1945. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5906 |
||||
| Malik, T. A., Kamili, A. N., Chishti, M. Z., Tanveers, S., Ahad, S. and Johri, R. K. (2016). Synergistic approach for treatment of chicken coccidiosis using berberine - a plant natural product. Journal of Microbial Pathogenesis, 93, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.012 |
||||
| Markowiak, P. and Slizewska, K (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrient, 9, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021 |
||||
| Markovic, R., Sefer, D., Krstic, M., & Petrujkic, B. (2009). Effect of different growth promoters on broiler performance and gut morphology. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 41(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2009000200010 |
||||
| Memon, F. U., Leghari, I. H., Rajput, N., Gadahi, J. A., Sahito, J. Z. A., Yang, Y., Baig, M. B., Laghari, F., Memon, H. A., & Hongbin, S. I. (2022). Immunomodulatory and ameliorative effects of probiotic in combination with diclazuril on broilers under coccidia infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 132(4), 3181-3188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15380 |
||||
| Memon, F. U., Yang, Y., Lv, F., Soliman, A. M., Chen, Y., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Li, Z., Xu, B., Gadahi, J. A., & Si, H. (2021). Effects of probiotic and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced Eimeria tenella infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 131(1), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14928 |
||||
| Mohsin, M., Zhang, Z., & Yin, G. (2022). Effect of probiotics on the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Vaccines, 10(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010097 |
||||
| Mokhbatly, A. A., Abd-Alla, O. A., Ghazy, E. W., Walid, A., & Fatma, F. M. (2013). Efficacy of probiotic on intestinal coccidiosis in infected broilers: Hematological, biochemical and pathological studies. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 11(2), 175-202. | ||||
| Mookiah, S., Sieo, C., Ramasamy, K., Abdullah, N., & Ho, Y. (2014). Effects of dietary prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on performance, caecal bacterial populations, and caecal fermentation concentrations of broiler chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(2), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6365 |
||||
| Morelli, L., & Capurso, L. (2012). FAO/WHO guidelines on probiotics, 10 years later. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 46(S1), S1-S2. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e318269fdd5 |
||||
| Mottet, A., & Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000071 |
||||
| Mountzouris, K. C., Tsirtsikos, P., Kalamara, E., Nitsch, S., Schatzmayr, G., & Fegeros, K. (2007). Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poultry Science, 86(2), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.2.309 |
||||
| Mountzouris, K., Tsitsikos, P., Palamidi, I., Arvaniti, A., Mohnl, M., Schatzmayr, G., & Fegeros, K. (2010). Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poultry Science, 89(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00308 |
||||
| Muhammad, M., Rao, Z. A., Guangwen, Y., Zia-Ud-Din, S., Asghar, A., Zhijian, H., Muhammad, T. A., Zohaib, S., Muhammad, Z. A., Adil, E., & Muhammad, S. (2021). Probiotics as therapeutic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory agents against poultry coccidiosis. World's Poultry Science Journal, 77(2), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1883412 |
||||
| Mukai, T., Asasaka, T., Sato, E., Mori, K., Matsumoto, M., & Ohori, H. (2002). Inhibition of binding of Helicobacter pylori to the glycolipid receptors by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 32, 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00541.x |
||||
| Muthamilselvan, T., Kuo, T. F., Wu, Y. C., & Yang, W. C. (2016). Herbal remedies for coccidiosis control: A review of plants, compounds, and anticoccidial actions. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2657981 |
||||
| Nasr El Deen, N. A. M., Ismail, S. A. A., Abd El Hamied, S. S., & Kaser, A. N. S. (2021). Comparative study on the effect of a probiotic and toltrazuril for controlling coccidiosis in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 49(4), 400-413. https://doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2021.97319.1158 |
||||
| Nava, G. M., Bielke, L. R., Callaway, T. R., & Castañeda, M. P. (2007). Probiotic alternatives to reduce gastrointestinal infections: the poultry experience. Animal Health Research Reviews, 6(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHR2005103 |
||||
| Nayebpor, M., Farhomand, P., & Hashemi, A. (2007). Effects of different levels of direct-fed microbials (PrimaLac) on growth performance and humoral immune response in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(11), 1308-1313. | ||||
| Neut, C., Mahieux, S., & Dubreuil, L. J. (2017). Antibiotic susceptibility of probiotic strains: Is it reasonable to combine probiotics with antibiotics? Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 47(7), 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2017.07.001 |
||||
| Ney, L. M., Wipplinger, M., Grossmann, M., Engert, N., Wegner, V. D., & Mosig, A. S. (2023). Short chain fatty acids: Key regulators of the local and systemic immune response in inflammatory diseases and infections. Open Biology, 13(3), 230014. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.230014 |
||||
| Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., & Gibson, G. (2012). Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science, 336(6086), 1262-1267. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813 |
||||
| Nikpiran, H., Vahdatpour, T., Babazadeh, D., & Vahdatpour, S. (2013). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Thepax, and their combination on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(2), 369-375. | ||||
| Noujaim, J. C., Andreatti Filho, R. L., Lima, E. T., Okamoto, A. S., Amorim, R. L., & Neto, R. T. (2008). Detection of T lymphocytes in the intestine of broiler chicks treated with Lactobacillus spp. and challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Poultry Science, 87(5), 927-933. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00476 |
||||
| Ogwiji, M., Jatau, I. D., Natala, A. J., Sani, D., Andamin, A. D., Kyari, S., Abdulmajeed, I., & Gasaliyu, A. K. (2021). Effects of synbiotic probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on haematology and serum total proteins of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 31, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03305-1 |
||||
| Ogwiji, M., Jatau, I. D., Natala, A. J., Sani, D., Habibu, B., Andamin, A. D., Kyari, S., & Gasaliyu, A. K. (2022). Comparative effect of dietary supplements on performance and severity of experimental Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 54, Article number 191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03183-x |
||||
| Pan, D., & Yu, Z. (2014). Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet. Gut Microbes, 5, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.26945 |
||||
| Park, I., Lee, Y., Goo, D., Zimmerman, N.P., Smith, A.H., & Rehberger, T., (2020). The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. Poultry Science, 99, 725-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.002 |
||||
| Patterson, J.A., & Burkholder, K.M. (2003). Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry Science, 82, 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.4.627 |
||||
| Pedroso, A., Hurley-Bacon, A., Zedek, A., Kwan, T., Jordan, A., Avellaneda, G., Hofacre, C., Oakley, B., Collett, S., Maurer, J., & Lee, M. (2013). Can probiotics improve the environmental microbiome and resistome of commercial poultry production? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4534-4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104534 |
||||
| Pender, C. M., Kim, S., Potter, T. D., Ritzi, M. M., Young, M., & Dalloul, R. A. (2016). Effects of in ovo supplementation of probiotics on performance and immunocompetence of broiler chicks to an Eimeria challenge. Beneficial Microbes, 7(5), 699-705. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2016.0080 |
||||
| Qiu, K., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Qi, G., & Wu, S. (2022). Dietary supplementation of a new probiotic compound improves the growth performance and health of broilers by altering the composition of cecal microflora. Biology, 11(5), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050633 |
||||
| Rahimi, S., Grimes, J. L., Fletcher, O., Oviedo, E., & Sheldon, B. W. (2009). Effect of a direct-fed microbial (PrimaLac®) on structure and ultrastructure of small intestine in turkey poults. Poultry Science, 88, 491-503 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00272 |
||||
| Rahimi, S., Kathariou, S., Grimes, J.L. & Siletzky. R.M. (2011). Effect of direct-fed microbials on performance and Clostridium perfringens colonization of turkey poults. Poultry Science. 90:2656-2662 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01342 |
||||
| Reda, A. A. (2018). Probiotics for the control of helminth zoonosis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2018(1), 4178986. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4178986 |
||||
| Ritzi, M. M., Abdelrahman, W., Mohnl, M., & Dalloul, R. A. (2014). Effects of probiotics and application methods on performance and response of broiler chickens to an Eimeria challenge. Poultry Science, 93(11), 2772-2778. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-04207 |
||||
| Ritzi, M. M., Abdelrahman, W., Van-Heerden, K., Mohnl, M., Barrett, N. W., & Dalloul, R. A. (2016). Combination of probiotics and coccidiosis vaccine enhances protection against an Eimeria challenge. Veterinary research, 47, Article number 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0397-y |
||||
| Rolfe, R. D. (2000). The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health. The Journal of nutrition, 130(2), 396S-402S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.396S |
||||
| Samanya, M., & Yamauchi, K. E. (2002). Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens fed dried Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 133(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00121-6 |
||||
| Sanders, M. E., Merenstein, D. J., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., and Rastall, R. A. (2019). Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: From biology to the clinic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 16(10), 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3 |
||||
| Sen, S., Ingale, S. L., Kim, Y. W., Kim, J. S., Kim, K. H., Lohakare, J. D., Kim, E. K., Kim, H. S., Ryu, M. H., Kwon, I. K., & Chae, B. J. (2012). Effect of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology. Research in Veterinary Science, 93(1), 264-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.021 |
||||
| Sharma, S., Iqbal, A., Azmi, S., Mushtaq, I., Wani, Z. A., & Ahmad, S. (2015). Prevalence of poultry coccidiosis in the Jammu region of Jammu & Kashmir state. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 39(1), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0286-5 |
||||
| Shehata, A. A., Yalçın, S., Latorre, J. D., Basiouni, S., Attia, Y. A., Abd El-Wahab, A., Visscher, C., El-Seedi, H. R., Huber, C., Hafez, H. M., & Tellez-Isaias, G. (2022). Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms, 10(2), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020395 |
||||
| Shivaramaiah, C., Barta, J. R., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Téllez, G., & Hargis, B. (2014). Coccidiosis: Recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites. Veterinary Medicine, 5(5), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S57839 |
||||
| Slifer, Z. M., & Blikslager, A. T. (2020). The integral role of tight junction proteins in the repair of injured intestinal epithelium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(3), 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030972 |
||||
| Smirnov, A., Perez, R., Amit-Romach, E., Sklan, D., & Uni, Z. (2005). Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter supplementation. The Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.2.187 |
||||
| Smith, J. M. (2014). A review of avian probiotics. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 28(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1647/2012-031 |
||||
| Song, X., Xu, L., Yan, R., Huang, X., & Li, X. (2015). Construction of Eimeria tenella multi-epitope DNA vaccines and their protective efficacies against experimental infection. Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology, 166(3-4), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.005 |
||||
| Stringfellow, K., Caldwell, D., Lee, J., Mohnl, M., Beltran, R., Schatzmayr, G., Fitz-Coy, S., Broussard, C., & Farnell, M. (2011). Evaluation of probiotic administration on the immune response of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers. Poultry Science, 90(8), 1652-1658. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01026 |
||||
| Taherpour, K., Moravej, H., Taheri, H. R., & Shivazad, M. (2012). Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic, prebiotic and butyric acid glycerides on resistance against coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science, 49(1), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.011031 |
||||
| Takahas
Copyright © 2025 Integrity Research Journals. All rights reserved.
| ||||