JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND DISEASES
Integrity Research Journals
ISSN: 2705-2214
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/JPHD
Start Year: 2018
Email: jphd@integrityresjournals.org
Natural radionuclides and ions concentrations in water and sediments around iron-smelting industry in Ikirun, Osun-State, Nigeria
https://doi.org/10.31248/JPHD2021.103 | Article Number: 5C75D6931 | Vol.4 (4) - August 2021
Received Date: 30 June 2021 | Accepted Date: 03 August 2021 | Published Date: 30 August 2021
Authors: Aderonke A. Okoya* , Adeniyi S. Oginni and Olarike F. Awofisayo
Keywords: 40K, 232Th, 238U, activity concentration, annual effective dose, radioactivity, water pollution.
Natural radionuclides pose a threat to the environment, because of the radioactivity they undergo. Water is said to be the sink of all pollutants including radionuclides and water pollution is a serious challenge due to the direct link between the adequacy of good quality water and the state of public health. The concentrations of uranium-238, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and ions in the selected water bodies around Ikirun Iron-smelting Industry were determined in wet and dry seasons to highlight possible radioactive pollution from the iron-smelting emissions. The radionuclides were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy. It was observed that 238U, 232Th, and 40K had their calculated annual effective dose (0.00004, 0.00003, and 0.010 mSvyr-1) to be below the WHO individual dose criterion of 0.1 mSvyr-1 and reference level of 1 mSvyr-1 in drinking water. The mean activity concentrations (AC) of U-238, Th-232 and K-40 in water were observed to be higher in the wet season (3.84±0.6, 2.37±0.5 and 15.83±1.3 Bqkg-1 respectively) than in the dry season (2.81±0.00, 0.92±0.00, and 10.2±0.00 Bqkg-1 respectively). The radionuclides, 238U, 232Th, and 40K also had their AC higher in sediment (40.50 ± 10.50, 66.24 ± 13.50 and 340.22 ± 9.00 BqL-1; Bqkg-1) than in water (1.28 ± 0.30, 0.26 ± 0.10 and 5.75 ± 0.70 Bqkg-1). The range of AC for 232Th, 238U, and 40K in water are 0.17 - 2.49 Bqkg-1, 1.01 - 4.04 Bqkg-1, and 3.98 - 17.48 Bqkg-1 respectively with 40K having the highest AC throughout the sampling locations. The result of anions in water samples for the sampling period are in the decreasing order of Cl- (3.55 - 106.95 mgL-1) < SO42- (0.25 - 15.82 mgL-1) < NO3- (0.01 - 0.49 mgL-1) while cations in water samples for the sampling period are in increasing order of Na+ (0.054 - 0.212 mgL-1) < Mg2+ (0.066 - 0.282mgL-1) < Ca2+ (0.077 -0.261mgL-1) < K+ (0.40-3.1 mgL-1), with potassium having the highest concentration range. The study observed no significant radionuclides pollution of water and sediment in the study area.
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1999). Toxic substances portal- Thorium. Link |
||||
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2011). Toxic substances portal- Uranium. Link |
||||
| American Public Health Association (APHA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th edition, 1220pp. | ||||
| Golterman, H. L., Clymo, R. S., & Ohnstad, M. A. M. (1978). Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwater. Scientific Publication, 24(10), 243-253. | ||||
| Hu, F., Deng, L., & Chen, Z. (2021). The impact of the enrichment of the radionuclide thorium in the water body caused by industrial mining on the local ecological environment. In: E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 236, p. 03006). EDP Sciences. Crossref |
||||
| Ilaria, G., Tommaso, C., Ernesto, I., Giovanni, C., & Nicola R. (2021). Environmental estimation of radiation equivalent dose rates in soils and waters of Northern Calabria (Italy), Geofluids, Vol. 2021, Article ID 6617283, 8 pages. Crossref |
||||
| International commission on radiological protection (ICRP) (1994). Dose coefficients for intakes of radionuclides by workers. Pergamon Press, Oxford, ICRP Publication 68. Ann. ICRP 24(4) | ||||
| International commission on radiological protection (ICRP) (2000). Protection of the public in situations of prolonged radiation exposure. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, ICRP Publication. 82pp. | ||||
| Karahan, G., Kapdan, E., Bingoldag, N., Taskin, H., Bassari, A., & Atayoglu, A. T. (2020). Environmental health risk assessment due to radionuclides and metal (loid) s for Igdir province in Anatolia, near the Metsamor nuclear power plant. International Journal of Radiation Research, 18(4), 863-874. Crossref |
||||
| Kemker, C. (2014). Sediment transport and deposition. Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements, 5(5), 111-124. | ||||
| Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) (2007). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Standards Organisation of Nigeria, NIS554:2007, ICS 13.060.20, Pp. 15-19. | ||||
| Nwankwo, L. I. (2013). Determination of natural radioactivity in ground water in Tanke-Ilorin, Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(1), 212-219. | ||||
| Okoya, A. A., Asubiojo, O. I., & Amusan, A. A. (2011). Trace element concentrations of soils of Ife-Ijesha area Southwestern Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(7), 173-179. | ||||
| Okoya, A. A., Awofisayo, O. F., Oginni, A. S., & Akinyele, A. B. (2020a). Assessment of selected heavy metal concentrations in water and sediment around Ikirun iron smelting industry, Ikirun, Osun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Health Sciences, 7, 57-66. | ||||
| Okoya, A. A., Elufowoju, M. A., Adepoju, K. A., & Akinyele, A. B. (2020b). Seasonal Assessment of the physico-chemical properties of surface water and sediments in the vicinity of a scrap metal recycling industry in Southwestern Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 12(1), 24-31. Crossref |
||||
| Olayiwola, O. A. (2013). Accumulation and contamination of heavy metals in soil and vegetation from industrial area of Ikirun, Osun State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 1(1), 25-34. | ||||
| Oluyide, S. O., Tchokossa, P., Orosun, M. M., Akinyose, F. C., Louis, H., & Ige, S. O. (2019). Natural radioactivity and radiological impact assessment of soil, food and water around iron and steel smelting area in Fashina village, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 23(1), 135-143. Crossref |
||||
| Omale, P. E., Okeniyi, S. O., Faruruwa, M. D., & Ngokat, A. B. (2014). Determination for levels of radionuclides of uranium, thorium and potassium in water, sediments and algae samples from selected coastal areas of Lagos, Nigeria; using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 2(1), 1-24. | ||||
| Orosun, M. M., Usikalu, M. R., Onumejor, C. A., Akinnagbe, D. M., Orosun, O. R., Salawu, N. B., Olasunkanmi, N. K., Akinpelu, A., Adagunodo, T. A., & Achuka, J. A. (2021, February). Assessment of natural radionuclide contents in water and sediments from Asa-Dam, Ilorin, Nigeria. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 655, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing. Crossref |
||||
| Pintilie-Nicolov, V., Georgescu, P. L., Iticescu, C., Moraru, D. I., & Pintilie, A. G. (2021). The assessment of the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radionuclides from drinking water consumption: calculation methods. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 327, 49-58. Crossref |
||||
| Thabayneh, K. M., Abu-Samreh, M. M., Mashall, L. A., & Awawdeh, K. M. (2012). Determination of natural radioactivity concentrations in natural water resources of Hebron Province, Palestine. Hebron University Research Journal (A), 6(1), 19-33. | ||||
| Ugbaja, A. N., & Ephraim, B. E. (2019). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of surface water quality in part of Oban Massif, Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 17, 13-24. Crossref |
||||
| Ugbede, F. O., Aduo, B. C., Ogbonna, O. N., & Ekoh, O. C. (2020). Natural radionuclides, heavy metals and health risk assessment in surface water of Nkalagu river dam with statistical analysis. Journal of Scientific African, 8, e00439. Crossref |
||||
| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2008). EPA's 2008 Reports on the Environment. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-07/045F. | ||||
| World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Guidelines for drinking water. 1st Addendum to 3rd edition. Recommendations, Geneva. | ||||
Copyright © 2026 Integrity Research Journals. All rights reserved.