JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
Integrity Research Journals
ISSN: 2536-7099
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/JASVM
Start Year: 2016
Email: jasvm@integrityresjournals.org
Burden and spatio-temporal distribution of selected tick-borne diseases in the East African community from 2000 to 2024: A systematic review and meta-analysis
https://doi.org/10.31248/JASVM2025.543 | Article Number: A5F6AE3B5 | Vol.10 (3) - June 2025
Received Date: 20 February 2025 | Accepted Date: 20 June 2025 | Published Date: 30 June 2025
Authors: Wyckliff Ngetich* and Evalyne Chepkirui Bett
Keywords: prevalence, Distribution, meta-analysis, East Africa Community, review, tick-borne disease.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major challenge to livestock in the East African region. Several independent studies have been published from different countries; however, there are no meta-analysis studies conducted on their spatio-temporal distribution. Therefore, this study aimed to synchronise the reported burden and distribution to augment the existing data and guide targeted prevention measures. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using free online databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2024. All retrieved articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine their eligibility. The period was considered sufficient for temporal comparison with the reported increase in zoonotic diseases within the last two decades. Data variables were extracted, and pooled prevalence estimates and subgroup analysis were performed using R Console software. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test, which revealed no significant publication bias (t = 0.3706, df = 3, p = 0.7356). Out of the 4563 articles identified, only 72 were included in the final analysis. Most of the articles were from Kenya (39.9%), followed by Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) at 27.8%, 26.9%, 2.2%, 1.8% and 1.4% respectively. Theileriosis (46.6%) is the most studied tick-borne disease followed by anaplasmosis, babesiosis and erhlichiosis at 27.8%, 21.5% and 4.9% respectively. Meta-analysis involving 100,519 samples revealed a pooled prevalence estimates of 24.3% (CI at 95% 24.0-24.5%). Sub-group analysis by different variables showed substantial heterogeneity; country (I2 = 99.3%, R2= 3.8%, P<0.01), laboratory test (I2 = 99.2%, R2= 21.1%, P<0.01), year of publication (I2 = 99.3%, R2= 11.7%, P<0.01) and tick borne pathogen (I2 = 99.4%, R2= 0.2%, P<0.01). Out of the 9,988 ticks screened, 2.0% were infected with Theileria, 1.0% Erlichia and 0.9% Anaplasma and 0.2% with Babesia pathogens. The pooled prevalence varied across the different countries. The number of studies has significantly increased recently with more research on theileria infections. There is need for consolidated scientific approach, technical and financial support to ensure effective and efficient targeted prevention and control measures.
Abbreviations: EAC, East African Community; TBDs, Tick Borne Diseases; USD, United States Dollar; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PICO, Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome; NOS, Newcasstle-Ottawa Scale; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; CI, Confidence Interval; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; IFAT, Indirect Flourescence Antibody Test; PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction; OR, Odds Ratio; RLBH, Reverse Line- Blot Hybridisation; PM- Post Mortem; COVID- Corona Virus Disease.
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