Global Journal of Earth and Environmental Science

Resources are fundamental to urban development, influencing economic growth, sustainability, and overall quality of life, while promoting equitable access to essential services. However, in many Peri-urban areas, unequal resource distribution intensifies social inequality. This study aimed to investigate the availability and accessibility of resources in four Peri-urban settlements of the Jos–Bukuru Metropolis—Gwafan, Dong, Shen, and Kwata-Zawan—and identify the key actors involved in their management. A multi-method research approach was employed, combining interviews with four key informants comprising directors and heads of departments, ministries and agencies, as well as direct observation of identified resources, and field surveys administered to 250 residents, of whom 230 responded. Interview data were analysed using Atlas.ti, with emphasis on social and economic dimensions including land ownership, land-use balance, infrastructure provision, and social inclusiveness. Spatial analysis using GIS revealed significant disparities in the distribution of facilities. These disparities manifest as uneven access to essential and insufficient services across the settlements. The findings identify land as the primary determinant of access to infrastructure and economic opportunities, underpinning inclusive well-being. Agricultural land conversion and rural–urban blending emerged as dominant trends, highlighting urban growth and equity. Uncoordinated land-use changes were found to hinder equitable access to resources and pose risks to ecological and social stability. The study recommends enhanced intergovernmental collaboration to promote local economic development and improve infrastructure provision. Additionally, empowering residents in decision-making processes is critical for fostering inclusive, well-integrated, and sustainable peri-urban development.