GLOBAL JOURNAL OF FISHERIES SCIENCE
Integrity Research Journals
ISSN: 2782-750X
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/GJFS
Start Year: 2018
Email: gjfs@integrityresjournals.org
Nutritional value and health risk assessment of metal residues in fish smoked using various kilns in Douala, Cameroon
https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2025.090 | Article Number: 6C1D8C302 | Vol.7 (4) - October 2025
Received Date: 22 August 2025 | Accepted Date: 09 October 2025 | Published Date: 30 October 2025
Authors: Jean Valery François Nsoga* , Jules Christophe Manz Koule , Justin Djopnang Djimbie , Régine Somon Tuem , Merlin Nchoutpouen Ngafon , Roland Jethro Ekwala Misse Ngangue and Mathieu Ndomou
Keywords: kilns, health risk, metal residues, nutritional, smoked fish.
The nutritional value and health risk associated with metal residues in fish smoked using various kilns in Douala were investigated. Forty fish samples of Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sphyreana afra and Gadus morhua, respectively, were collected from Youpwe market, transported to the laboratory, washed with distilled water and smoked with four different kilns: Half metal drum, Banda, Altona and improved Altona (FN23). Proximate composition, mineral content, heavy metals and lipid quality were analysed using AOAC standard methods. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Targeted Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) were used to estimate the human health risk. Fisher's PLSD were used to make comparisons between samples (p<0.05). Results showed that smoking significantly (p < 0.05) decreased moisture contents from 76.05 % to 12.24 % in E. fimbriata smoked with FN23 and increased mineral contents (Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) compared to raw fish. Smoking with the Improved Altona kiln significantly (p < 0.05) reduced Cd content and health risk indices (EDI, THQ, HI, and CR) compared to other kilns. The EDI values for cadmium, zinc, and copper in smoked fish exceeded acceptable limits for human consumption. The HI < 1 suggested no potential carcinogenic effect for most samples, except for raw Sphyreana afra and Gadus morhua. However, the CR > 10-4 for cadmium indicated a carcinogenic health risk across all samples. The Improved Altona kiln (FN23) better preserved fish oil quality compared to the Half-metal drum, Banda, and Altona kilns. The FN23 demonstrated the most favourable benefit-risk ratio for consumer health and should be favoured over the other three smoking kilns.
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