GLOBAL JOURNAL OF FISHERIES SCIENCE
Integrity Research Journals
ISSN: 2782-750X
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/GJFS
Start Year: 2018
Email: gjfs@integrityresjournals.org
Prevalence, multidrug resistance, and multiple antibiotic resistance index of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in wild-caught fishes from two major dams in Ibadan, Nigeria
https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2026.114 | Article Number: 5C4207912 | Vol.8 (5) - October 2026
Received Date: 16 August 2026 | Accepted Date: 06 October 2026 | Published Date: 30 October 2026
Authors: Selim A. Alarape* , AbdulRoqeeb A. Oladele and Ismail O. Badmus
Keywords: Nigeria., multi-drug resistance., Antimicrobial resistance, MAR index, Vibrio species, wild-caught fish.
The emergence of AMR in aquatic environments poses significant public health risks, particularly through foodborne transmission pathways. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from wild-caught fish obtained from Eleyele and Asejire dams in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 83 wild-caught fish were sampled, and tissues (muscle, liver, and intestine) were aseptically collected. Presumptive identification of Vibrio species was performed using Thiosulfate Citrate Bilesalts Sucrose (TCBS) agar (Millipore®, Germany) and biochemical characterization. Real-time PCR was used to characterise the isolates (final volume of 15 µL) using the Norgen NZTtech kit with cycling conditions: activation at 95°C for 1 min, denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 58°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 30s, and a final hold at 4°C. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Water quality parameters of the two dams were measured using water quality test kits. The water quality of both Asejire and Eleyele dams showed high temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, ammonia, nitrite, and BOD levels, while salinity remained below critical limits. Vibrio cholerae prevalence in fish from Eleyele Dam was highest in the muscle (72.3%), followed by the liver (63.6%) and intestine (48.5%), while V. parahaemolyticus showed comparatively lower but notable prevalence across the tissues. In fish sampled from Asejire Dam, V. cholerae prevalence was exceptionally high, with detection rates of 92%, 82%, and 92% in the muscle, liver, and kidney, respectively. In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus showed substantially lower prevalence in the corresponding tissues, at 20%, 22%, and 12%, respectively. Isolates exhibited high levels of multidrug resistance against the antibiotic panel. MARI values ranged from 0.4–1.0 for V. cholerae and 0.6–0.9 for V. parahaemolyticus. The findings highlight the potential role of wild-caught fish as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Vibrios and underscore the need for continuous surveillance, as well as improved antimicrobial stewardship.
| Abioye, O. E., Nontongana, N., Osunla, C. A., & Okoh, A. I. (2023). Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS One, 18(8), e0290356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290356 |
||||
| Agboola, T., Nmema, E., Samuel, T., & Odetoyin, B. (2022). Multiple antibiotic resistant Vibrio pathotypes with the incidence of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus in fish and fish storage water in Okitipupa and Igbokoda areas, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 13(4), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2022/v13i4254 |
||||
| Alarape, S. A., & Adeyemo, O. K. (2017). Tetracycline residue in fresh and processed Clarias gariepinus from selected fish farms and markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian, 35(2), 61-71. | ||||
| Ali, E. A., Al-Azeem, M. W., & Younis, W. (2023). Microbiological and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). International Journal of Veterinary Science, 6(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21608/svu.2023.203762.1266 |
||||
| Aurich, S., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., & Ewers, C. (2022). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial uropathogens isolated from dogs and cats. Antibiotics, 11(12), 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121730 |
||||
| Bagheri-Josheghani, S., & Bakhshi, B. (2022). Investigation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of selenium nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae as potent therapeutics. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Volume 2022, Article ID 3432235, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3432235 |
||||
| Brumfield, K. D., Usmani, M., Chen, K. M., Gangwar, M., Jutla, A. S., Huq, A., & Colwell, R. R. (2021). Environmental parameters associated with incidence and transmission of pathogenic Vibrio spp. Environmental Microbiology, 23(12), 7314-7340. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15716 |
||||
| Deng, Y., Xu, L., Chen, H., Liu, S., Guo, Z., Cheng, C., Ma, H., & Feng, J. (2020). Prevalence, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio species isolated from diseased marine fish in South China. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-8. Article number 14329. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71288-0 |
||||
| De Menezes, F. G. R., Neves, S. S., dos Santos Rocha, R., Sousa, O. V., Rodriguez, M. T. T., Maggioni, R., Hofer, E., & dos Fernandes Vieira, R. H. S. (2020). Pathogenic potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from tropical estuarine environments in Ceará, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Pathology, 49(2), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v49i2.61338 |
||||
| Dewi, R., Hassan, L., Daud, H., Matori, M., Nordin, F., Ahmad, N., & Zakaria, Z. (2022). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio derived from farm-raised red hybrid tilapia and Asian sea bass in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotics, 11(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020136 |
||||
| Dutta, D., Kaushik, A., Kumar, D., & Bag, S. (2021). Foodborne pathogenic Vibrio species: Antimicrobial resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 638331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.638331 |
||||
| Eneh, S., Onukansi, F., Anokwuru, C., Ikhuoria, O., Edeh, G., Obiekwe, S., & Okpara, C. (2024). Cholera outbreak trends in Nigeria: Policy recommendations and innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1464361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1464361 |
||||
| Hadfield, C. A. (2021). Bacterial diseases. In: Jones, D. F. B., & Clements, J. C. (eds.), Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine (pp. 431-467). Wiley-Blackwell. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ book/10.1002/9781119259886. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119259886.ch25 |
||||
| Halpern, M., & Izhaki, I. (2017). Fish as hosts of Vibrio cholerae. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 282. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2017.00282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00282 |
||||
| Hossain, Z., Farhana, I., Tulsiani, S., Begum, A., & Jensen, P. (2018). Transmission and toxigenic potential of Vibrio cholerae in hilsha fish (Tenualosa ilisha) for human consumption in Bangladesh. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 222. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00222 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00222 |
||||
| Hurst, C. J. (2019). Briefly summarizing our understanding of Vibrio cholerae and the disease cholera. In The Structure and Function of Aquatic Microbial Communities (pp. 173-184). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16775-2_7 |
||||
| Ibangha, I. A. I., Digwo, D. C., Ozochi, C. A., Enebe, M. C., Ateba, C. N., & Chigor, V. N. (2023). A meta-analysis on the distribution of pathogenic Vibrio species in water sources and wastewater in Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 881, 163332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163332 |
||||
| Lee, L. H., Ab Mutalib, N. S., Law, J. W. F., Wong, S. H., & Letchumanan, V. (2018). Discovery on antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae isolated from aquaculture and aquatic environments in Malaysia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02513 |
||||
| Ma, J. Y., Zhu, X. K., Hu, R. G., Qi, Z. Z., Sun, W. C., Hao, Z. P., Cong, W., & Kang, Y. H. (2023). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the global prevalence of foodborne Vibrio spp. infection in fishes: A persistent public health concern. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187, 114521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114521 |
||||
| Martinez-Urtaza, J., & Baker-Austin, C. (2020). Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Trends in Microbiology, 28(10): 867-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.008 |
||||
| Mawardi, M., Santika, A., Setiadi, S., Putri, A. W. M., Lusiastuti, A. M., Kristanto, A. H., Pantjara, B., Suryanto, S., Indrawati, A., Wibawan, I. W. T., Purwaningsih, U., Sugiani, D., & Penataseputro, T. (2023). Antibiotic-resistant threads of Aeromonas hydrophila as a major pathogen in Indonesia freshwater aquaculture. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 442, p. 02027). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344202027 |
||||
| Morris Jr, J. G., & Acheson, D. (2003). Cholera and other types of vibriosis: a story of human pandemics and oysters on the half shell. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(2), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1086/375600 |
||||
| Moyo, P., Moyo, E., Mangoya, D., Mhango, M., Mashe, T., Imran, M., & Dzinamarira, T. (2023). Prevention of antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: What has worked? What still needs to be done? Journal of Infection and Public Health, 16(4), 632-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.020 |
||||
| Pitiriga, V., Bakalis, J., Theodoridou, K., Kanellopoulos, P., Saroglou, G., & Tsakris, A. (2022). Lower risk of bloodstream infections for peripherally inserted central catheters in critically ill patients. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 11(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01180-1 |
||||
| Raghunath, P. (2015). Roles of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 126063. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00805 |
||||
| Sabour, S., Bantle, K., Bhatnagar, A., Huang, J. Y., Biggs, A., Bodnar, J., Dale, J. L., Gleason, R., Klein, L., Lasure, M., Lee, R., Nazarian, E., Schneider, E., Smith, L., Vagnone, P. S., Therrien, M., Tran, M., Valley, A., Wang, C., Young, E. L., Lutgring, J. D., & Brown, A. C. (2024). Descriptive analysis of targeted carbapenemase genes and antibiotic susceptibility profiles among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii tested in the Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network-United States, 2017-2020. Microbiology Spectrum, 12(2), e02828-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02828-23 |
||||
| Salako, B. L., Ajayi, A.O., & Smith, S. I. (2021). Cholera in Nigeria: Epidemiology, risk factors and response. Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science, 14(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.57046/JYBJ8296 |
||||
| Senderovich, Y., Izhaki, I., & Halpern, M. (2010). Fish as reservoirs and vectors of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS ONE, 5(1), e8607. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008607 |
||||
| Sultana, T., Siddique, A. B., Akther, S., Shahadat, M. N., & Rahman, M. H. (2025). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from common fish of retail markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Discover Bacteria, 2, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44351-025-00034-6 |
||||
| Tang, K. W. K., Millar, B. C., & Moore, J. E. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). British journal of biomedical science, 80, 11387. https://doi.org/10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387 |
||||
| Velazquez-Meza, M. E., Galarde-López, M., Carrillo-Quiróz, B., & Alpuche-Aranda, C. M. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance: one health approach. Veterinary World, 15(3), 743-750. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.743-749 |
||||
| Yuan, X. H., Li, Y. M., Vaziri, A. Z., Kaviar, V. H., Jin, Y., Jin, Y., Maleki, A., Omidi, N., & Kouhsari, E. (2022). Global status of antimicrobial resistance among environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 11(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01100-3 |
||||
Copyright © 2026 Integrity Research Journals. All rights reserved.