ADVANCED JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
Integrity Research Journals
Model: Open Access/Peer Reviewed
DOI: 10.31248/AJCR
Start Year: 2022
Email: ajcr@integrityresjournals.org
Determination of pharmaceutical residues in sediment using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic technique
https://doi.org/10.31248/AJCR2023.003 | Article Number: 1A261FE52 | Vol.1 (1) - April 2023
Received Date: 02 March 2023 | Accepted Date: 12 April 2023 | Published Date: 30 April 2023
Authors: Nnodum, Chima F.* , Majolagbe, O. Abdulrafiu , Yusuf, Kafeelah A. , Olajide, Mustapha , Atobajaye, Abdulhafeez O. and Akinola, Taiwo R.
Keywords: pollution., sediment, Badagry creek, Cartridges, high performance liquid chromatography, Mile-2 River, Oke-afa canal, pharmaceutical residues
Pharmaceutical residues (PRs) are emerging contaminants reaching the aquatic environment through treated and untreated wastewater from several sources. Pharmaceutical residues can remain in the dissolved phase or be adsorbed on the sediment. This study focused on the occurrence, characterization, and quantification of PRs in the sediment of Oke-afa canal in Isolo, which joins Amuwo-Odofin through Mile-2 River and Badagry Creek of Lagos, Nigeria. Surface sediments were collected bi-monthly for twenty-four months from five locations using grab method into polyethylene bags. They were air-dried, pulverized, and sieved with a 2 mm sieve. Ten pharmaceutical compounds (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Acetaminophen, Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Sulfadoxine, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Pyrimethamine, and Caffeine) were extracted from the sediments with 2% NH4OH in (MeOH), followed by extraction with 2% formic acid in MeOH and then MeOH only. The resulting extracts were subjected to solid phase extraction on OASIS HLB cartridges, C18 with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate and MeOH (pH=4.8) and then High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis. The results showed that caffeine and pyrimethamine had maximum concentrations of 3.25±2.0 ng/g and 1.50±0.9 ng/g respectively. Ofloxacin, amoxicillin and ibuprofen had concentrations 0.70±0.3, 0.33±0.1 and 0.04±0.1 ng/g respectively. Diclofenac, acetaminophen and pyrimethamine were detected in 60% of the samples analysed. The order of concentrations of PRs in the sediment was Caff > Pyrim > Oflo > Amox > Aceta > Sulf > Metro > Diclo > Ibu. The correlation was observed between PRs. Continuous monitoring of these contaminants in the environment ensures the safety of man and the environment.
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